What tests are commonly used to assess ligament stability in the knee?

• A. Anterior drawer test and Lachman's test
• B. McMurray test and Apley test
• C. Valgus and varus stress tests
• D. Pivot shift test and patellar apprehension test

Answer: (A)

The anterior drawer test and Lachman's test are widely recognized as essential assessments for examining ligament stability in the knee, particularly the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

The anterior drawer test focuses on assessing the amount of anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur when the knee is bent at 90 degrees. If the ACL is intact, there should be minimal forward movement. A significant forward movement indicates a potential rupture or injury to the ACL.

On the other hand, the Lachman's test, performed with the knee flexed between 20 to 30 degrees, provides a more sensitive and reliable evaluation of ACL integrity. In this test, the examiner stabilizes the femur while pulling the tibia forward. A lack of firm end-feel during the test suggests ACL insufficiency.

Both tests are critical in a clinical setting for diagnosing ACL injuries, which are common in sports-related activities. They help guide further management and treatment decisions for the patient.

Other tests listed, such as the McMurray test and Apley test, are primarily used to assess meniscal injuries, and the pivot shift test evaluates anterolateral instability, while valgus and varus stress tests focus on the collateral ligaments. These specialized uses differentiate them from